Krishna Teja

23.)  Explain why the over-prescription of antibiotics by doctors, or the overuse of everyday soaps containing antibiotics, can be a health risk.  A.) What Is Antibiotic Overuse? Antibiotic overuse is when antibiotics are used when they're not needed. Antibiotics are one of the great advances in medicine. But overprescribing them has led to  resistant bacteria  (bacteria that are harder to treat). Some  germs  that were once very responsive to antibiotics have become more and more resistant. This can cause more serious infections, such as pneumococcal infections ( pneumonia ,  ear infections , sinus infections, and  meningitis ), skin infections, and  tuberculosis . Why Are Antibiotics Overprescribed? Doctors prescribe antibiotics for different reasons. Sometimes they prescribe them when they're not sure if an illness is caused by bacteria or a virus or are waiting for test results. So, some patients might expect a prescription for an antib...

19.) In ecological prospective what determines the distribution and abundance of organisms? A.) Distribution of organisms Abiotic factors are non-living variables. Biotic factors are the interactions between organisms. Both affect diversity and distribution. Sampling helps us to estimate numbers of organisms in an area.   The  biodiversity  and distribution of organisms within an ecosystem is due to both abiotic (non-living) and biotic (living) factors. Abiotic  factors are non-living variables that can influence where organisms can live. Examples of abiotic factors include: light intensity temperature soil pH soil moisture The values of the abiotic factors in an  ecosystem  affect the range of species that are found. This is because the individuals in each species are adapted to occupy particular  niches . Abiotic measurement equipment Abiotic factors can all be measured to show the living conditions in an ecosystem. Measuring light intensity Light me...

15.)     Algal blooms are significant events in lakes or seas; what kinds of organisms cause these blooms and their impact on the environment. A.) Algal blooms: Algal blooms are high-growing toxic algal species. These excessive growing algal bodies lead to the accumulation of algae in a freshwater body. The process of a water body getting covered with algal blooms composed of phytoplankton (microscopic algae) and algae is known as eutrophication. Causes of algal blooms: Due to the deposition of harmful unfiltered chemical waste from factories, a population of harmful algal bloom starts growing. The fertilizers high in chemicals like sulfur, phosphorus, nitrogen, etc., also lead to algal blooms. The untreated wastewater from sewage treatment plants also leads to algal. Harmful effects of algal blooms: The algal blooms can destroy aquatic life as they consume oxygen available for aquatic plants and animals. The algal blooms also tend to block sunlight for the coral reefs. T...

14.) Elaborate the life cycle of one protists who starts life in a mosquito and matures in humans with a colorful diagram.   A.)  Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium vivax  is a protozoan causing malaria. It is a parasite. It is carried by female  Anopheles  mosquitoes to humans. Different species of  Plasmodium  cause different types of malaria. Plasmodium  is a unicellular eukaryotic organism. It is a sporozoan and has a spore-like infectious stage in its life cycle. It completes its life cycle in two hosts, i.e. humans and female  Anopheles  mosquitoes. Plasmodium Life Cycle Plasmodium   vivax  completes its life cycle in two hosts. The sexual phase of the life cycle occurs in insects and asexual reproduction occurs in humans. The female  Anopheles  mosquito also acts as a vector or transmitting agent. Asexual Stage Sporozoite is the asexual stage of the  Plasmodium . It is the infectious stage that infects humans. Sp...

 13.) Gram staining differentiates Gram-negative bacteria from Gram-positive bacteria, how they are carried out in the laboratory, and discuss the mechanism of action of the stain. A.)  Bacteria are a large group of minute, unicellular, microscopic organisms, which have been classified as prokaryotic cells, as they lack a true nucleus. These microscopic organisms comprise a simple physical structure, including cell wall, capsule, DNA, pili, flagellum, cytoplasm and ribosomes. Bacteria can be gram-positive or gram-negative depending upon the staining methods. Let us have a detailed look at the difference between the two types of bacteria. Gram Staining This technique was proposed by Christian Gram to distinguish the two types of bacteria based on the difference in their cell wall structures. The gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet dye, which is because of their thick layer of peptidoglycan in the cell wall. This process distinguishes bacteria by identifying peptido...

 12.)  Discuss morphological diversity of the bacteria with sufficient examples ? A.)  Bacteria is a prokaryotic, unicellular organism. Bacteria are found everywhere, they are the most abundant living organisms. They can thrive in extreme conditions like hot springs, snow, deep ocean, where it is difficult for other organisms to live. Salient features of bacteria are the following: Unicellular prokaryotic cell Present in different shape, size and arrangement The cell lack nucleus and membrane-bound cell organelles Bacterial DNA is found in the cytoplasm and not packaged to form chromatin as in eukaryotic cell Bacteria cell is 10 times smaller than the human cell The diameter of a bacteria cell is ~1µm (10 -6  m) The outer covering of a bacteria cell is the cell wall, which is rigid and provides structural integrity The bacteria cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan or murein Different shapes of bacteria cell are the characteristic feature of a bacteria species Bacter...