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15. Elaborate how proteins' initiation, elongation, and termination happen in the ribosome with suitable diagrams.

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 15.  Elaborate how proteins' initiation, elongation, and termination happen in the ribosome with suitable diagrams. answer : Introduction : Ever wonder how antibiotics kill bacteria—for instance, when you have a sinus infection? Different antibiotics work in different ways, but some attack a very basic process in bacterial cells: they knock out the ability to make new proteins. To use a little molecular biology vocab, these antibiotics block  translation . In the process of translation, a cell reads information from a molecule called a messenger RNA (mRNA) and uses this information to build a protein. Translation is happening constantly in a normal bacterial cell, just like it is in most of the cells of your body, and it's key to keeping you (and your bacterial "visitors") alive. When you take certain antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin), the antibiotic molecule will latch onto key translation molecules inside of bacterial cells and basically "stall" them. With...
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10. The central dogma of molecular biology states that the flow of information in cells is from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA). How does RNA polymerase know where to start transcribing a gene and end it? Explain with a suitable diagram.

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  10.  The central dogma of molecular biology states that the flow of information in cells is from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA). How does RNA polymerase know where to start transcribing a gene and end it? Explain with a suitable diagram. answer : introduction : Central Dogma: A phenomenon in which the genetic information in DNA is converted into a functional product/protein. The flow of genetic information is from DNA->RNA->Protein. Replication of DNA is defined as copying of the entire genome before the cell divides into two. Copying of information from the template DNA molecule onto a new messenger RNA molecule is called transcription. The formation of protein molecules after reading of the messenger RNA molecule is called translation. For example- a gene sequence on the DNA encoding for color is transcribed into mRNA, which would be further translated into a functional protein that will phenotypically express in flower petals. RNA polymerase RNA polymerases  are e...
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13.) Gram staining differentiates Gram-negative bacteria from Gram-positive bacteria, how they are carried out in the laboratory, and discuss the mechanism of action of the stain.

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 13.) Gram staining differentiates Gram-negative bacteria from Gram-positive bacteria, how they are carried out in the laboratory, and discuss the mechanism of action of the stain. A.)  Bacteria are a large group of minute, unicellular, microscopic organisms, which have been classified as prokaryotic cells, as they lack a true nucleus. These microscopic organisms comprise a simple physical structure, including cell wall, capsule, DNA, pili, flagellum, cytoplasm and ribosomes. Bacteria can be gram-positive or gram-negative depending upon the staining methods. Let us have a detailed look at the difference between the two types of bacteria. Gram Staining This technique was proposed by Christian Gram to distinguish the two types of bacteria based on the difference in their cell wall structures. The gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet dye, which is because of their thick layer of peptidoglycan in the cell wall. This process distinguishes bacteria by identifying peptido...
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