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15. Elaborate how proteins' initiation, elongation, and termination happen in the ribosome with suitable diagrams.

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 15.  Elaborate how proteins' initiation, elongation, and termination happen in the ribosome with suitable diagrams. answer : Introduction : Ever wonder how antibiotics kill bacteria—for instance, when you have a sinus infection? Different antibiotics work in different ways, but some attack a very basic process in bacterial cells: they knock out the ability to make new proteins. To use a little molecular biology vocab, these antibiotics block  translation . In the process of translation, a cell reads information from a molecule called a messenger RNA (mRNA) and uses this information to build a protein. Translation is happening constantly in a normal bacterial cell, just like it is in most of the cells of your body, and it's key to keeping you (and your bacterial "visitors") alive. When you take certain antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin), the antibiotic molecule will latch onto key translation molecules inside of bacterial cells and basically "stall" them. With...
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5.) Summarize the eukaryotic cell components in the tabular format in terms of structure and function.

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5.)  Summarize the eukaryotic cell components in the tabular format in terms of structure and function. AA.) What is a Eukaryotic Cell? Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus enclosed within the nuclear membrane and form large and complex organisms. Protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals all have eukaryotic cells. They are classified under the kingdom Eukaryota. They can maintain different environments in a single cell that allows them to carry out various metabolic reactions. This helps them grow many times larger than the prokaryotic cells. Also refer:  Difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells The features of eukaryotic cells are as follows: Eukaryotic cells have the nucleus enclosed within the nuclear membrane. The cell has mitochondria. Flagella and cilia are the locomotory organs in a eukaryotic cell. A cell wall is the outermost layer of the eukaryotic cells. The cells divide by a process called mitosis. The eukaryotic cells contain ...
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10. The central dogma of molecular biology states that the flow of information in cells is from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA). How does RNA polymerase know where to start transcribing a gene and end it? Explain with a suitable diagram.

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  10.  The central dogma of molecular biology states that the flow of information in cells is from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA). How does RNA polymerase know where to start transcribing a gene and end it? Explain with a suitable diagram. answer : introduction : Central Dogma: A phenomenon in which the genetic information in DNA is converted into a functional product/protein. The flow of genetic information is from DNA->RNA->Protein. Replication of DNA is defined as copying of the entire genome before the cell divides into two. Copying of information from the template DNA molecule onto a new messenger RNA molecule is called transcription. The formation of protein molecules after reading of the messenger RNA molecule is called translation. For example- a gene sequence on the DNA encoding for color is transcribed into mRNA, which would be further translated into a functional protein that will phenotypically express in flower petals. RNA polymerase RNA polymerases  are e...
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