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15. Elaborate how proteins' initiation, elongation, and termination happen in the ribosome with suitable diagrams.

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 15.  Elaborate how proteins' initiation, elongation, and termination happen in the ribosome with suitable diagrams. answer : Introduction : Ever wonder how antibiotics kill bacteria—for instance, when you have a sinus infection? Different antibiotics work in different ways, but some attack a very basic process in bacterial cells: they knock out the ability to make new proteins. To use a little molecular biology vocab, these antibiotics block  translation . In the process of translation, a cell reads information from a molecule called a messenger RNA (mRNA) and uses this information to build a protein. Translation is happening constantly in a normal bacterial cell, just like it is in most of the cells of your body, and it's key to keeping you (and your bacterial "visitors") alive. When you take certain antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin), the antibiotic molecule will latch onto key translation molecules inside of bacterial cells and basically "stall" them. With...
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5.) Summarize the eukaryotic cell components in the tabular format in terms of structure and function.

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5.)  Summarize the eukaryotic cell components in the tabular format in terms of structure and function. AA.) What is a Eukaryotic Cell? Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus enclosed within the nuclear membrane and form large and complex organisms. Protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals all have eukaryotic cells. They are classified under the kingdom Eukaryota. They can maintain different environments in a single cell that allows them to carry out various metabolic reactions. This helps them grow many times larger than the prokaryotic cells. Also refer:  Difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells The features of eukaryotic cells are as follows: Eukaryotic cells have the nucleus enclosed within the nuclear membrane. The cell has mitochondria. Flagella and cilia are the locomotory organs in a eukaryotic cell. A cell wall is the outermost layer of the eukaryotic cells. The cells divide by a process called mitosis. The eukaryotic cells contain ...
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BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING

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  Ancient Fermented Products 7000 BC : Sumerians/Babylonians were making beer, marking one of the earliest known uses of fermentation. 6000 BC : Wine production in Georgia. 4000 BC : Egyptians used yeast to leaven bread. 3000 BC : Babylonians produced fermented milk products. 1000 BC : Fermented soybean curd (precursor to tofu) was developed. 400 BC : Vinegar production began. Medieval and Early Modern Advances 14th Century : Development of the Orléans process for vinegar fermentation. Alcohol distillation became prominent. 17th Century : Antonie van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope, enabling the study of microbes. 19th Century Milestones Schwann and Theodor (1840) : Demonstrated that microbes are responsible for fermentation. Justus von Liebig : Proposed the chemical hypothesis of fermentation. Louis Pasteur (1857–1876) : Proved yeast drives the fermentation process. Disproved the chemical hypothesis and the theory of spontaneous generation. Hansen of Carlsberg Brewery : Isolat...
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