biology fat answers by krish
krish creations
"module-1 click here :
module-2 click here
module-3
1.
1.) Outline the classification of proteins based on the polarity and how are they further classified based on the presence of the R-groups present in the amino acid structure? click here for answer
2. 2.)What determines the structure and function of the proteins?click here for answer
3. 3.)Fill in the following table with ‘Y’ to indicate ‘yes’ and ‘N’ to indicate ‘no’ for each box as it pertains to each listed amino acid in each category. Some of the names are given only as their three-letter abbreviations.
Amino Acid | Nonpolar | Polar | Acidic Side Chain | Basic Side Chain | Essential? |
Proline | Y | N | N | Y | N |
Cys | Y | N | Y | N | N |
Asp | N | Y | Y | N | N |
Serine | N | Y | Y | N | N |
Gln | N | Y | N | Y | N |
1. 4. Name the four different types of interactions responsible for creating tertiary structures in proteins and elaborate the same.click here
2. 5.In general, proteins can be classified into 3 different groups. Name and give a short description of each type and how they are distinct from one another. Provide an example of a macromolecule or other complex structure representing each of the three types. click here
3. 6.Name at least three amino acids whose side chains have the characteristic of being able to repel water and Define denaturation of proteins, is it fine to take denature proteins as food? Explain based on the classroom discussion we had.click here
4. 7.Some of the fats are called ‘saturated’ and others are called as “Unsaturated fats”. What differs between a saturated fat and an unsaturated fat? What differs between a monounsaturated fat and a polyunsaturated fat?click here
5. 8. Describe the structure of the lipid bilayer that makes up the cell membrane. What role does the cell membrane play?click here
6. 9.he bilayer that makes up the cell membrane contains lipids composed of two regions that align in such a way as to keep the opposing regions separated. What are the intermolecular forces that are present in the outer portions of the membrane lipids? What intermolecular forces are utilized by the interior portions of the membrane lipids?click here
7. 10. The cell membrane is made up of different layers of attractive force, polar and non-polar. Are there any types of molecules that can pass through both layers without assistance or using special passages? Give at least one specific example.click here
8. 11. Examine these two monosaccharides and answer the following questions.
- Which monosaccharide is found in DNA, and which is found in RNA?
- Circle the key difference that distinguishes between the two monosaccharides.
- Use arrows to point to the areas where other groups bond to make them into nucleotides. click here
12. Using the following directions, sketch the nucleotide being described: Uses a monosaccharide present in RNA, and a nitrogenous base found only in RNA. Point an arow to the glycosidic bond.click here
13.Each DNA strand will have a complementary strand. What is the sequence that complements the strand dGCTAGATC? How many H-bonds allow this structure to maintain its integrity and shape?CLICK HERE
14. List the three types of RNA and their functions.click here
15.Why are Proteins Called Building Blocks of the Body? What are the Biological Functions of Proteins? click here
16.Explain how secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels of structure depend on primary structure. Predict where amino acid residues with nonpolar r-groups would be found within the overall structure of a protein such as chymotrypsin. click here
17.Summarize the protein structural classification in the form of a table with suitable diagram.click here.
18 What are carbohydrates? Why are they called hydrated carbons?click here
19.What are all the different kinds of linkages that are formed between the two macromolecules, define and differentiate the same. click here
module-4 :
1.In glycolysis, there are energy feeder and harvesting steps and discuss which of the steps for high energy feeding steps and which of the steps for high energy-producing steps with proper metabolic steps.click here
2.Defend your answer by delineating the difference between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation with suitable examples.click here
3.Discuss on the over view of cellular respiration process and mention what goes in the metabolic pathways/cycle and what comes out.click here
4.Write down the overview of the ten steps glycolysis cycle and how they involve in the conversion of 6 carbon glucose into the two 3-carbon carboxylic acids finally? click here
5.discuss the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and its role in carbohydrate metabolism. click here
6. Outline the Hans Krabs cycle and discuss how three carbon atom Acetyl CoA is converted citrate, how citrate is formed again, and its metabolic sequence with necessary enzyme-catalyzed reactions.click here
7. Discuss the sequence of reduction and oxidation reactions happening at the mitochondrial matrix. When one glucose molecule enters into cellular respiration, how many high-energy phosphate molecules are produced?click here
8. 8.Oxidation of the 10 molecules of NADH produced from each glucose therefore accounts for almost 80 percent of the total energy released from the sugar. What does the ETC do with all this energy?
9.Discuss the discovery of ATP synthase complex and its role in high-energy molecule production.
10.In step 3 of the citric acid cycle, the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase is regulated by NADH. Compare and contrast the regulation of this enzyme with the regulation of phosphofructokinase in glycolysis.
11.Explain the relationship between electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. What does ATP synthase look like, and how does it work?
Biological Science – TBIT101L – CAT II
Questions from Modules 3 and 4 :
1. Distinguish between the structures of maltose and lactose with the help of neat diagrams. (BL4) click here
2.Compare the functions of starch and glycogen with a note about their different linkages. (BL4) click here
3.Bond saturation profoundly affects the state of lipids with an impact on cardiovascular health. Justify. (BL5)
4.Cholesterol and phospholipids are both amphipathic lipids that do not dissolve in water. Justify. (BL5)
5.Illustrate the condensation reaction that is responsible for the backbone structure of nucleic acids. (BL2)
6.Illustrate the double helix of DNA with details about base pairing, strand polarity, and physical dimensions. (BL2)
7.Illustrate the secondary structure of RNA with details about hydrogen bonding and other interactions. (BL2)
8.Illustrate the tertiary structure of a ribozyme with a note about their function in therapeutics. (BL2)
9.Peptide bonds are unusually stable when compared to other linkages. Justify with a neat diagram. (BL5)
10.Many cellular proteins do not have structures that noticeably correlate with their functions. Explain. (BL5)
11.Discuss the different types of secondary structures that are commonly seen in proteins. (BL6)
12.Discuss the different kinds of interactions that stabilize the tertiary structures of proteins. (BL6)
13.Weaker bonds with equally shared electrons have high potential energy and vice versa. Explain. (BL5)
14. Spontaneous reactions are exergonic, but non-spontaneous reactions are endergonic. Explain. (BL5)
15. Redox reactions may transfer electrons alone or as hydrogen atoms. Justify with a suitable example. (BL5)
16. Exergonic phosphorylation reactions are coupled to endergonic reactions. Justify with a suitable example. (BL5)
17.Demonstrate the three reactions that result in substrate level phosphorylation during cellular respiration. (BL2)
18.Demonstrate the three reactions that result in the reduction of NAD to NADH during cellular respiration. (BL2)
19.Elaborate the reactions of the electron transport chain with a note on the electrochemical gradient. (BL6)
20. Estimate the maximum number of ATP molecules that can be generated during cellular respiration. (BL6)
21.Propose the chemiosmosis hypothesis with a note on oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. (BL6)
22,Defend that the mRNA hypothesis provided a missing link between DNA and protein. (BL5)
23. Defend the central dogma of molecular biology against some of the exceptions to it. (BL5)
24. Defend Gamow’s hypothesis about the genetic code with some of its salient features. (BL5)
module-5 :
1. What are genes made of? Elaborate on the Hershey Chase experiment to confirm whether genes were made of protein or DNA. click here
2. Analyze how Watson and Crick proposed a model for the secondary structure of DNA with necessary diagrams. click here
3. The biologists proposed three different hypotheses for DNA replication and how Meselson- Stahl proved the way forward for the DNA replication process. click here
4. Elaborate in detail on leading and lagging strands in the DNA replication process and the essential components for DNA replication to occur? click here
5. Diagrammatically explain how Okazaki fragments are formed and how they ligate to become full strands during the DNA replication process. click here
6. Tabulate the proteins required for DNA synthesis in Bacteria and mention their function. click here
7. Elaborate on One-gene and one-enzyme hypotheses with suitable examples.click here
8. How did the researchers crack the genetic code into amino acid letters for the translation process and mention start and stop codons? click here
9. DNA's primary structure comprises just four different bases, and its secondary structure is regular and highly stable. How can a molecule with these characteristics hold the information required to build and maintain a cell? click here
10. The central dogma of molecular biology states that the flow of information in cells is from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA). How does RNA polymerase know where to start transcribing a gene and end it? Explain with a suitable diagram. click here
11. Mention three different kinds of ribonucleic acids and functions. Tabulate the transcription and RNA processing in Bacteria and Eukaryotes. click here
12. The genetic code specifies the correspondence between each triplet codon in mRNA and the amino acid it codes for. But how are the amino acids assembled into a polypeptide according to the information in mRNA? click here
13. Discuss the structure and function of Transfer RNA during the translational process in detail. click here
14. Discuss the structure of ribosomes and their function in the translation process in detail. click here
15. Elaborate how proteins' initiation, elongation, and termination happen in the ribosome with suitable diagrams. click here
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